Due: February 22nd #

FAQ #

Each assignment will have an FAQ linked at the top. You can also access it by adding “/faq” to the end of the URL. The FAQ for Project 1C is located here.

Introduction #

In Project 1A, we built LinkedListDeque and in Project 1B, we built ArrayDeque. Now we’ll see a different implementation: MaxArrayDeque! This part of the project will provide some enhancements to your previous ArrayDeque and LinkedListDeque, and also bring everything together into an application of your newly-built data structure.

By the end of Project 1C, you will complete the following:

• Write the iterator(), equals(), and toString() methods for LinkedListDeque.java and ArrayDeque.java.
• Implement MaxArrayDeque.java.
• Finish the GuitarHero tasks.

Style #

As in Project 1B, we will be enforcing style. You must follow the style guide, or you will be penalized on the autograder.

You can and should check your style locally with the CS 61B plugin. We will not remove the velocity limit for failing to check style.

Getting the Skeleton Files #

Follow the instructions in the Assignment Workflow guide to get the skeleton code and open it in IntelliJ. For this project, we will be working in the proj1c directory.

You see a proj1c directory appear in your repo with the following structure:

 proj1c
├── src
│   ├── deque
│   │   ├── ArrayDeque.java
│   │   ├── Deque.java
│   │   └── LinkedListDeque.java
│   └──gh2
│       ├── GuitarHeroLite.java
│       ├── GuitarPlayer.java
│       ├── GuitarString.java
│       └── TTFAF.java
│
└── tests
    ├── MaxArrayDequeTest.java
    └── TestGuitarString.java

If you get some sort of error, STOP and either figure it out by carefully reading the git WTFs or seek help at OH or Ed. You’ll potentially save yourself a lot of trouble vs. guess-and-check with git commands. If you find yourself trying to use commands recommended by Google like force push, don’t. Don’t use force push, even if a post you found on Stack Overflow says to do it!

You can also watch Professor Hug’s demo about how to get started and this video if you encounter some git issues.

Object Methods #

If you’d like, you can follow the steps in this short video guide to help you get set up for Project 1C!

In order to implement the following methods, you should start by copying and pasting your Project 1A and Project 1B implementations of LinkedListDeque and ArrayDeque into the relevant files in your proj1c directory.

@Override
public T getRecursive(int index) {
    return get(index);
}

iterator() #

One shortcoming of our Deque interface is that it can not be iterated over. That is, the code below fails to compile with the error “foreach not applicable to type”.

  Deque<String> lld1 = new LinkedListDeque<>();

  lld1.addLast("front");
  lld1.addLast("middle");
  lld1.addLast("back");
  for (String s : lld1) {
      System.out.println(s);
  }

Similarly, if we try to write a test that our Deque contains a specific set of items, we’ll also get a compile error, in this case: “Cannot resolve method containsExactly in Subject”.

public void addLastTestBasicWithoutToList() {
    Deque<String> lld1 = new LinkedListDeque<>();

    lld1.addLast("front"); // after this call we expect: ["front"]
    lld1.addLast("middle"); // after this call we expect: ["front", "middle"]
    lld1.addLast("back"); // after this call we expect: ["front", "middle", "back"]
    assertThat(lld1).containsExactly("front", "middle", "back");
}

Again the issue is that our item cannot be iterated over. The Truth library works by iterating over our object (as in the first example), but our LinkedListDeque does not support iteration.

To fix this, you should first modify the Deque interface so that the declaration reads:

public interface Deque<T> extends Iterable<T> {

Next, implement the iterator() method using the techniques described in lecture 12.

equals() #

Consider the following code:

    @Test
    public void testEqualDeques() {
        Deque<String> lld1 = new LinkedListDeque<>();
        Deque<String> lld2 = new LinkedListDeque<>();

        lld1.addLast("front");
        lld1.addLast("middle");
        lld1.addLast("back");

        lld2.addLast("front");
        lld2.addLast("middle");
        lld2.addLast("back");

        assertThat(lld1).isEqualTo(lld2);
    }

If we run this code, we see that we fail the test, with the following message:

expected: [front, middle, back]
but was : (non-equal instance of same class with same string representation)

The issue is that the Truth library is using the equals method of the LinkedListDeque class. The default implementation is given by the code below:

    public boolean equals(Object obj) {
        return (this == obj);
    }

That is, the equals method simply checks to see if the addresses of the two objects are the same.

Override the equals method in the ArrayDeque and LinkedListDeque classes. For guidance on writing an equals method, see the lecture slides or the lecture code repository.

toString() #

Consider the code below, which prints out a LinkedListDeque.

Deque<String> lld1 = new LinkedListDeque<>();

lld1.addLast("front");
lld1.addLast("middle");
lld1.addLast("back");

System.out.println(lld1);

This code outputs something like deque.proj1a.LinkedListDeque@1a04f701. This is because the print statement implicitly calls the LinkedListDeque toString method. Since you didn’t override this method, it uses the default, which is given by the code below (you don’t need to understand how this code works).

    public String toString() {
        return getClass().getName() + "@" + Integer.toHexString(hashCode());
    }

In turn the hashCode method, which you have also not overridden, simply returns the address of the object, which in the example above was 1a04f701.

Testing The Object Methods #

We haven’t provided you with test files for these three object methods; however, we strongly encourage you to use the techniques you learned from projects 1A and 1B to write your own tests. You can structure these tests however you’d like, since we won’t be testing them. One possible (and suggested) structure is to create two new files in the tests directory called LinkedListDequeTest and ArrayDequeTest, similar to the ones we gave you in 1A and 1B.

MaxArrayDeque #

After you’ve fully implemented your ArrayDeque and tested its correctness, you will now build the MaxArrayDeque. A MaxArrayDeque has all the methods that an ArrayDeque has, but it also has 2 additional methods and a new constructor:

• public MaxArrayDeque(Comparator<T> c): creates a MaxArrayDeque with the given Comparator.
• public T max(): returns the maximum element in the deque as governed by the previously given Comparator. If the MaxArrayDeque is empty, simply return null.
• public T max(Comparator<T> c): returns the maximum element in the deque as governed by the parameter Comparator c. If the MaxArrayDeque is empty, simply return null.

The MaxArrayDeque can either tell you the max element in itself by using the Comparator<T> given to it in the constructor, or an arbitrary Comparator<T> that is different from the one given in the constructor.

We do not care about the equals(Object o) method of this class, so feel free to define it however you think is most appropriate. We will not test this method.

There are no runtime requirements on these additional methods, we only care about the correctness of your answer. Sometimes, there might be multiple elements in the MaxArrayDeque that are all equal and hence all the max: in in this case, you can return any of them and they will be considered correct.

You should write tests for this part as well! You’ll likely be creating multiple Comparator<T> classes to test your code: this is the point! To get practice using Comparator objects to do something useful (find the maximum element) and to get practice writing your own Comparator classes. You will not be turning in these tests, but we still highly suggest making them for your sake.

You will not use the MaxArrayDeque you made for the next part; it’ll be in an isolated exercise.

Guitar Hero #

In this part of the project, we will create another package for generating synthesized musical instruments using the deque package we just made. We’ll get the opportunity to use our data structure for implementing an algorithm that allows us to simulate the plucking of a guitar string.

The GH2 Package #

The gh2 package has just one primary component that you will edit:

• GuitarString, a class which uses an Deque<Double> to implement the Karplus-Strong algorithm to synthesize a guitar string sound.

We’ve provided you with skeleton code for GuitarString which is where you will use your deque package that you made in the first part of this project.

GuitarString #

We want to finish the GuitarString file, which should use the deque package to replicate the sound of a plucked string. We’ll be using the Karplus-Strong algorithm, which is quite easy to implement with a Deque.

The Karplus-Algorithm is simply the following three steps:

1. Replace every item in a Deque with random noise (double values between -0.5 and 0.5).
2. Remove the front double in the Deque and average it with the next double in the Deque (hint: use removeFirst) and get()) multiplied by an energy decay factor of 0.996 (we’ll call this entire quantity newDouble). Then, add newDouble to the back of the Deque.
3. Play the double (newDouble) that you dequeued in step 2. Go back to step 2 (and repeat forever).

Or visually, if the Deque is as shown on the top, we’d remove the 0.2, combine it with the 0.4 to form 0.2988, add the 0.2988, and play the 0.2.

You can play a double value with the StdAudio.play method. For example StdAudio.play(0.333) will tell the diaphragm of your speaker to extend itself to 1/3rd of its total reach, StdAudio.play(-0.9) will tell it to stretch its little heart backwards almost as far as it can reach. Movement of the speaker diaphragm displaces air, and if you displace air in nice patterns, these disruptions will be interpreted by your consciousness as pleasing thanks to billions of years of evolution. See this page for more. If you simply do StdAudio.play(0.9) and never play anything again, the diaphragm shown in the image would just be sitting still 9/10ths of the way forwards.

Complete GuitarString.java so that it implements steps 1 and 2 of the Karplus-Strong algorithm. Note that you will have to fill your Deque buffer with zeros in the GuitarString constructor. Step 3 will be done by the client of the GuitarString class.

For example, the provided TestGuitarString class provides a sample test testPluckTheAString that attempts to play an A-note on a guitar string. If you run the test should hear an A-note when you run this test. If you don’t, you should try the testTic method and debug from there. Consider adding a print or toString method to GuitarString.java that will help you see what’s going on between tics.

Note: we’ve said Deque here, but not specified which Deque implementation to use. That is because we only need those operations addLast, removeFirst, and get and we know that classes that implement Deque have them. So you are free to choose either the LinkedListDeque for the actual implementation, or the ArrayDeque. For an optional (but highly suggested) exercise, think about the tradeoffs with using one vs the other and discuss with your friends what you think the better choice is, or if they’re both equally fine choices.

Why It Works #

The two primary components that make the Karplus-Strong algorithm work are the ring buffer feedback mechanism and the averaging operation.

• The ring buffer feedback mechanism. The ring buffer models the medium (a string tied down at both ends) in which the energy travels back and forth. The length of the ring buffer determines the fundamental frequency of the resulting sound. Sonically, the feedback mechanism reinforces only the fundamental frequency and its harmonics (frequencies at integer multiples of the fundamental). The energy decay factor (.996 in this case) models the slight dissipation in energy as the wave makes a round trip through the string.
• The averaging operation. The averaging operation serves as a gentle low-pass filter (which removes higher frequencies while allowing lower frequencies to pass, hence the name). Because it is in the path of the feedback, this has the effect of gradually attenuating the higher harmonics while keeping the lower ones, which corresponds closely with how a plucked guitar string sounds.

GuitarHeroLite #

You should now also be able to use the GuitarHeroLite class. Running it will provide a graphical interface, allowing the user (you!) to interactively play sounds using the gh2 package’s GuitarString class.

The Birds #

To earn “The Birds”, you must create GuitarHero and also implement at least one additional instrument.

Consider creating a program GuitarHero that is similar to GuitarHeroLite, but supports a total of 37 notes on the chromatic scale from 110Hz to 880Hz. Use the following 37 keys to represent the keyboard, from lowest note to highest note:

String keyboard="q2we4r5ty7u8i9op-[=zxdcfvgbnjmk,.;/' ";

This keyboard arrangement imitates a piano keyboard: The “white keys” are on the qwerty and zxcv rows and the “black keys” on the 12345 and asdf rows of the keyboard.

The ith character of the string keyboard corresponds to a frequency of $440 \cdot 2^{(i - 24) / 12}$, so that the character ‘q’ is 110Hz, ‘i’ is 220Hz, ‘v’ is 440Hz, and ‘ ‘ is 880Hz. Don’t even think of including 37 individual GuitarString variables or a 37-way if statement! Instead, create an array of 37 GuitarString objects and use keyboard.indexOf(key) to figure out which key was typed. Make sure your program does not crash if a key is pressed that does not correspond to one of your 37 notes.

• Harp strings: Create a Harp class in the gh2 package. Flipping the sign of the new value before enqueueing it in tic() will change the sound from guitar-like to harp-like. You may want to play with the decay factors to improve the realism, and adjust the buffer sizes by a factor of two since the natural resonance frequency is cut in half by the tic() change.

• Drums: Create a Drum class in the gh2 package. Flipping the sign of a new value with probability 0.5 before enqueueing it in tic() will produce a drum sound. A decay factor of 1.0 (no decay) will yield a better sound, and you will need to adjust the set of frequencies used.

• Other: Try inventing a new instrument.

Other Possibilities for Further Enrichment #

• Guitars play each note on one of 6 physical strings. To simulate this you can divide your GuitarString instances into 6 groups, and when a string is plucked, zero out all other strings in that group.
• Pianos come with a damper pedal which can be used to make the strings stationary. You can implement this by, on iterations where a certain key (such as Shift) is held down, changing the decay factor.
• While we have used equal temperament, the ear finds it more pleasing when musical intervals follow the small fractions in the just intonation system. For example, when a musician uses a brass instrument to play a perfect fifth harmonically, the ratio of frequencies is 3/2 = 1.5 rather than 27/12 ∼ 1.498. Write a program where each successive pair of notes has just intonation.

To earn “The Birds”, create a short video demo and fill out this Google Form.

Submission #

To submit the project, add and commit your files, then push to your remote repository. Then, go to the relevant assignment on Gradescope and submit there.

The autograder for this assignment will have the following velocity limiting scheme:

• From the release of the project to 10:00PM on 2/22/2023, you will have 6 tokens; each of these tokens will refresh every 24 hours.
• From 10:00PM to 11:59PM on 2/22/2023 (the last 2 hours before the deadline), you will get 4 tokens; each of these tokens will refresh every 15 minutes. -

  Scoring #

This project, similar to Project 0, is divided into individual components, each of which you must implement completely correctly to receive credit.

1. LinkedListDeque Object Methods (20%): Correctly implement iterator, equals, and toString in LinkedListDeque.
2. ArrayDeque Object Methods (20%): Correctly implement iterator, equals, and toString in ArrayDeque.
3. MaxArrayDeque Functionality (5%): Ensure your MaxArrayDeque correctly runs all the methods in the Deque interface.
4. MaxArrayDeque Max (35%): Correctly implement max in MaxArrayDeque.
5. GuitarString (20%): Correctly implement the GuitarString client class.

In total, Project 1c is worth 512 points.

Credits #

• Ring buffer figures from Wikipedia.
• This assignment adapted from Kevin Wayne’s Guitar Heroine assignment.